本文发表在 rolia.net 枫下论坛2009 Swine flu declaration[edit]
On 26 April 2009,[18] more than one month after its first emergence,[4] the first PHEIC was declared when the H1N1 (or swine flu) pandemic was still in Phase Three.[2][19][20] On the same day, within three hours the WHO web site received almost two million visits, necessitating the pandemic's own dedicated pandemic influenza web site.[18] At the time H1N1 had been declared a PHEIC, it had so far occurred in only three countries.[4] Declaring H1N1 a PHEIC has therefore been argued as fueling public fear.[12] However, a 2013 study sponsored by the WHO estimated that although the H1N1 pandemic was similar in magnitude to seasonal influenza, it resulted in the loss of more life-years due to a shift toward mortality among persons less than 65 years of age.[21]
2014 Polio declaration[edit]
The second PHEIC was the 2014 polio declaration, issued in May 2014 with the resurgence of wild polio after its near-eradication, deemed "an extraordinary event".[22][23]
Global eradication was deemed to be at risk with small numbers of cases in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria.[12]
In October 2019, continuing cases of wild polio in Pakistan and Afghanistan, in addition to new vaccine-derived cases in Africa and Asia, was reviewed and remains a PHEIC.[24] It was extended on 11 December 2019.[25]
2014 Ebola declaration[edit]
Confirmed cases of Ebola were being reported in Guinea and Liberia in March 2014 and Sierra Leone by May 2014. On Friday, 8 August 2014, following the occurrence of Ebola in the United States and Europe and with the already intense transmission ongoing in three other countries for months,[11] the WHO declared its third PHEIC in response to the outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa.[26] Later, one review showed that a direct impact of this epidemic on America escalated a PHEIC declaration.[4] It was the first PHEIC in a resource-poor setting.[11]
2016 Zika virus declaration[edit]
On 1 February 2016, the WHO declared its fourth PHEIC in response to clusters of microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome in the Americas, which at the time were suspected to be associated with the ongoing 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic.[27] Later research and evidence bore out these concerns; in April, the WHO stated that "there is scientific consensus that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome."[28] This was the first time a PHEIC was declared for a mosquito‐borne disease.[12] This declaration was lifted on 18 November 2016.[29]
2018–20 Kivu Ebola declaration[edit]
In October 2018 and then later in April 2019, the WHO did not consider the 2018–20 Kivu Ebola epidemic to be a PHEIC.[30][31] The decision was controversial, with Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) responding with disappointment and describing the situation as "an Ebola gas can sitting in DRC that's just waiting for a match to hit it",[32] while the WHO panel were unanimous that declaring it a PHEIC would not give any added benefit.[32] The advice against declaring a PHEIC in October 2018 and April 2019, despite the criteria for doing so appearing to be met on both occasions has led to the transparency of the IHR EC coming into question. The language used in the statements for the Kivu Ebola epidemic has been noted to be different. In October 2018, the EC stated "a PHEIC should not be declared at this time". However, in the 13 previously declined proposals for declaring a PHEIC, the resultant statements quoted "the conditions for a PHEIC are not currently met" and "does not constitute a PHEIC". In April 2019, they stated that "there is no added benefit to declaring a PHEIC at this stage", a notion that is not part of the PHEIC criteria laid down in the IHR.[17][33]
After confirmed cases of Ebola in neighbouring Uganda in June 2019, Tedros Adhanom, the Director-General of the WHO, announced that the third meeting of a group of experts would be held on 14 June 2019 to assess whether the Ebola spread had become a PHEIC.[34][35] The conclusion was that while the outbreak was a health emergency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the region, it does not meet all the three criteria for a PHEIC.[36] Despite the number of deaths reaching 1,405 by 11 June 2019 and 1,440 by 17 June 2019, the reason for not declaring a PHIEC was that the overall risk of international spread was deemed to be low, and the risk of damaging the economy of the DRC high.[37] Adhanom also stated that declaring a PHEIC would be an inappropriate way to raise money for the epidemic.[38] Following a visit to the DRC in July 2019, Rory Stewart, the UK's DfID minister, called for the WHO to declare it an emergency.[39]
Acknowledging a high risk of spread to the capital of North Kivu, Goma, a call for a PHEIC declaration was published on 10 July 2019 in the Washington Post by Daniel Lucey and Ron Klain (the former US Ebola response coordinator). They stated that "in the absence of a trajectory toward extinguishing the outbreak, the opposite path—severe escalation—remains possible. The risk of the disease moving into nearby Goma, Congo—a city of 1 million residents with an international airport —or crossing into the massive refugee camps in South Sudan is mounting. With a limited number of vaccine doses remaining, either would be a catastrophe".[40][41] Four days later, on 14 July 2019, a case of Ebola was confirmed in Goma, which has an international airport and a highly mobile population. Subsequently, the WHO announced a reconvening of a fourth EC meeting on 17 July 2019, when they officially announced it "a regional emergency, and by no means a global threat" and declared it as a PHEIC, without restrictions on trade or travel.[42][43] In response to the declaration, the president of the DRC, together with an expert committee led by a virologist, took responsibility for directly supervising action, while in protest of the declaration, health minister, Oly Ilunga Kalenga resigned.[44] A review of the PHEIC had been planned at a fifth meeting of the EC on 10 October 2019[45] and as of 18 October 2019, it continues to be a PHEIC.[7]
2020 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)[edit]
Morphology of the novel coronavirus
On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak of a new coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, centered on Wuhan in central China, a PHEIC.[8][46] On the date of the declaration, there were 7,818 cases confirmed globally, affecting 19 countries in five WHO regions.[47][48] Previously, the WHO had held EC meetings on 22 and 23 January 2020 regarding the coronavirus outbreak,[49][50][51] but it was determined that it was too early to declare a PHEIC at that time given the lack of necessary data and the (then) scale of global impact.[52][53]更多精彩文章及讨论，请光临枫下论坛 rolia.net
On 26 April 2009,[18] more than one month after its first emergence,[4] the first PHEIC was declared when the H1N1 (or swine flu) pandemic was still in Phase Three.[2][19][20] On the same day, within three hours the WHO web site received almost two million visits, necessitating the pandemic's own dedicated pandemic influenza web site.[18] At the time H1N1 had been declared a PHEIC, it had so far occurred in only three countries.[4] Declaring H1N1 a PHEIC has therefore been argued as fueling public fear.[12] However, a 2013 study sponsored by the WHO estimated that although the H1N1 pandemic was similar in magnitude to seasonal influenza, it resulted in the loss of more life-years due to a shift toward mortality among persons less than 65 years of age.[21]
2014 Polio declaration[edit]
The second PHEIC was the 2014 polio declaration, issued in May 2014 with the resurgence of wild polio after its near-eradication, deemed "an extraordinary event".[22][23]
Global eradication was deemed to be at risk with small numbers of cases in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria.[12]
In October 2019, continuing cases of wild polio in Pakistan and Afghanistan, in addition to new vaccine-derived cases in Africa and Asia, was reviewed and remains a PHEIC.[24] It was extended on 11 December 2019.[25]
2014 Ebola declaration[edit]
Confirmed cases of Ebola were being reported in Guinea and Liberia in March 2014 and Sierra Leone by May 2014. On Friday, 8 August 2014, following the occurrence of Ebola in the United States and Europe and with the already intense transmission ongoing in three other countries for months,[11] the WHO declared its third PHEIC in response to the outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa.[26] Later, one review showed that a direct impact of this epidemic on America escalated a PHEIC declaration.[4] It was the first PHEIC in a resource-poor setting.[11]
2016 Zika virus declaration[edit]
On 1 February 2016, the WHO declared its fourth PHEIC in response to clusters of microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome in the Americas, which at the time were suspected to be associated with the ongoing 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic.[27] Later research and evidence bore out these concerns; in April, the WHO stated that "there is scientific consensus that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome."[28] This was the first time a PHEIC was declared for a mosquito‐borne disease.[12] This declaration was lifted on 18 November 2016.[29]
2018–20 Kivu Ebola declaration[edit]
In October 2018 and then later in April 2019, the WHO did not consider the 2018–20 Kivu Ebola epidemic to be a PHEIC.[30][31] The decision was controversial, with Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) responding with disappointment and describing the situation as "an Ebola gas can sitting in DRC that's just waiting for a match to hit it",[32] while the WHO panel were unanimous that declaring it a PHEIC would not give any added benefit.[32] The advice against declaring a PHEIC in October 2018 and April 2019, despite the criteria for doing so appearing to be met on both occasions has led to the transparency of the IHR EC coming into question. The language used in the statements for the Kivu Ebola epidemic has been noted to be different. In October 2018, the EC stated "a PHEIC should not be declared at this time". However, in the 13 previously declined proposals for declaring a PHEIC, the resultant statements quoted "the conditions for a PHEIC are not currently met" and "does not constitute a PHEIC". In April 2019, they stated that "there is no added benefit to declaring a PHEIC at this stage", a notion that is not part of the PHEIC criteria laid down in the IHR.[17][33]
After confirmed cases of Ebola in neighbouring Uganda in June 2019, Tedros Adhanom, the Director-General of the WHO, announced that the third meeting of a group of experts would be held on 14 June 2019 to assess whether the Ebola spread had become a PHEIC.[34][35] The conclusion was that while the outbreak was a health emergency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the region, it does not meet all the three criteria for a PHEIC.[36] Despite the number of deaths reaching 1,405 by 11 June 2019 and 1,440 by 17 June 2019, the reason for not declaring a PHIEC was that the overall risk of international spread was deemed to be low, and the risk of damaging the economy of the DRC high.[37] Adhanom also stated that declaring a PHEIC would be an inappropriate way to raise money for the epidemic.[38] Following a visit to the DRC in July 2019, Rory Stewart, the UK's DfID minister, called for the WHO to declare it an emergency.[39]
Acknowledging a high risk of spread to the capital of North Kivu, Goma, a call for a PHEIC declaration was published on 10 July 2019 in the Washington Post by Daniel Lucey and Ron Klain (the former US Ebola response coordinator). They stated that "in the absence of a trajectory toward extinguishing the outbreak, the opposite path—severe escalation—remains possible. The risk of the disease moving into nearby Goma, Congo—a city of 1 million residents with an international airport —or crossing into the massive refugee camps in South Sudan is mounting. With a limited number of vaccine doses remaining, either would be a catastrophe".[40][41] Four days later, on 14 July 2019, a case of Ebola was confirmed in Goma, which has an international airport and a highly mobile population. Subsequently, the WHO announced a reconvening of a fourth EC meeting on 17 July 2019, when they officially announced it "a regional emergency, and by no means a global threat" and declared it as a PHEIC, without restrictions on trade or travel.[42][43] In response to the declaration, the president of the DRC, together with an expert committee led by a virologist, took responsibility for directly supervising action, while in protest of the declaration, health minister, Oly Ilunga Kalenga resigned.[44] A review of the PHEIC had been planned at a fifth meeting of the EC on 10 October 2019[45] and as of 18 October 2019, it continues to be a PHEIC.[7]
2020 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)[edit]
Morphology of the novel coronavirus
On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak of a new coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, centered on Wuhan in central China, a PHEIC.[8][46] On the date of the declaration, there were 7,818 cases confirmed globally, affecting 19 countries in five WHO regions.[47][48] Previously, the WHO had held EC meetings on 22 and 23 January 2020 regarding the coronavirus outbreak,[49][50][51] but it was determined that it was too early to declare a PHEIC at that time given the lack of necessary data and the (then) scale of global impact.[52][53]更多精彩文章及讨论，请光临枫下论坛 rolia.net